下篇|继发性扩张型心肌病的现代治疗

小雁的记事本 2024-04-13 08:02:14

泰达国际心血管病医院 郑 刚

扩张型心肌病(DCM)是指伴有收缩功能障碍的左心室(LV)或双心室扩大,而非由异常负荷条件和/或严重的冠状动脉疾病解释[1-2]。它是左心室射血分数减少心力衰竭(HFrEF)的主要原因之一,并且与心源性猝死(SCD)风险增加相关。目前治疗主要依赖于HFrEF的标准、指南指导的药物(GDMT)和心室装置治疗。尽管如此,仍有相当一部分患者面临进行性心力衰竭(HF)和过早死亡风险[3]。因此,DCM的最佳管理应侧重于标准和特定的、基于病因的治疗(只要可用)整合。本文针对已知导致DCM病因进行治疗。

01癌症相关的心肌病

被定义为在抗癌疗法治疗过程中或治疗后出现心脏功能障碍,伴或不伴有HF[4]。长期以来,蒽环类药物诱导的心脏毒性一直是癌症治疗相关心肌病的原型,但许多其他药物也与心脏功能障碍有关,包括化疗、靶向药物和免疫疗法[5]。其他遗传/后天因素可能会使心肌疾病的发展永久化,由基线心血管风险评估定义[6-8]。此外,提示HF症状的发展应促使进一步心血管评估;鉴别诊断包括心脏病和癌症进展的其他原因,这些原因可能与心脏症状相似。

癌症治疗相关心功能不全的发展应促使考虑暂停抗癌治疗并开始GDMT治疗HF,这取决于抗癌药物的类型和心功能不全的严重程度[1,4]。如2022年ESC心脏病学指南所述,在蒽环类药物治疗期间出现严重或中度症状或无症状的癌症治疗相关心功能障碍的患者,应中断肿瘤治疗,而在有症状的轻度癌症治疗相关心功能不全的患者中,多学科团队应决定是否继续肿瘤治疗[4]。蒽环类药物治疗期间,轻度症状性心功能不全患者应在密切监测下继续进行肿瘤治疗,一旦出现重度/中度症状或重度无症状心功能障碍的患者,应中断肿瘤学治疗[4]。有症状的轻度心功能障碍患者和无症状的中度心功能障碍患者需多学科团队决策,而轻度症状性心功能障碍患者可继续肿瘤学治疗,在密切监测下[4]。在接受免疫激活抑制剂治疗的患者中,心肌炎是一种罕见(1%的接受治疗的患者),但可能致命的心脏毒性表现[9]。它通常在治疗的前12周(最多20周)内发展,并可以暴发性心肌炎的形式出现[4]。

在心肌炎患者中,无论临床严重程度如何,都应停止免疫激活治疗,并大剂量甲基强的松龙(500~1000 mg i.v 每天一次)应尽快给予并持续早期治疗后3~5天可改善结果[4,10]。如果治疗导致临床改善和肌钙蛋白水平下降,建议改用口服皮质类固醇治疗,并随后逐渐减少。如果没有改善,则应考虑二线免疫抑制,尽管目前缺乏最佳选择的数据(如霉酚酸酯、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白、阿巴西普或阿仑单抗)[11-13]。发展为暴发性心肌炎的患者需入住配备有治疗心源性休克设备的重症监护室,同时提供皮质类固醇治疗。除心肌炎外,免疫激活抑制剂相关的心脏毒性可表现为takotsubo综合征、(晚期)非炎性HF、血管炎和急性冠状动脉综合征[4,14]。患有中/重度癌症治疗相关心脏功能障碍的患者,无论有无明显HF,均应接受标准HF治疗。检测轻度无症状癌症治疗相关心肌功能障碍,包括左心室整体纵向应变下降>12%~15%或钠尿肽升高,也可用神经激素抑制剂治疗[15-16]。一项大型观察性研究表明,蒽环类相关左心室射血分数(LVEF)下降至少10%~< 50%(有或无HF)的患者接受依那普利和卡维地洛/比索洛尔联合用药后,82%的患者LVEF改善,11%的患者LVEF完全恢复[17]。此外,在临床前或小型临床研究中, 沙库(巴)曲/缬沙坦和钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2(GLT2)抑制剂与癌症治疗相关心肌病的改善有关[18-19],一些数据表明,标准剂量的沙库必曲/缬沙坦在长期癌症-化疗相关HFrEF患者中可很好耐受,从而改善左心室收缩功能。恶性肿瘤的分期和预后以及抗癌药物的预期获益。决策应由多学科团队做出,权衡收益和风险。尽管临床试验的证据仍有限,但癌症治疗可能会在密切监测下继续进行[15-16]。

02其他与药物相关的心肌病

据报道,在使用氯喹或羟氯喹(用于治疗疟疾)后,出现以传导异常和HF(由DCM或限制性心肌病[RCM]引起)为特征的心脏毒性病例或风湿病)[20-21]。心脏毒性的机制尚不清楚,但一些数据表明溶酶体功能障碍[22]。抗精神病药物、吩噻嗪类药物(氯丙嗪、异丙嗪)[23]和氯氮平也与心肌炎和/或DCM的发展有关[24]。此外,抗抑郁药物锂与窦房结功能障碍的发生有关[25]。通过心电图(ST段变化、传导异常、QTc延长等)、血浆肌钙蛋白和利钠肽水平以及超声心动图(如果需要)监测心脏毒性可用于心脏毒性的早期检测,随后分停用违规药物并进行心血管治疗[22]。其他可能参与DCM发展的药物已在其他地方进行了广泛讨论[22]。

03心律失常诱导型心肌病

心律失常诱导的心肌病被定义为一种潜在的可逆性疾病,其中导致HF的心肌功能障碍是由心房或心室引起的心律失常。不同类型的心律失常可导致这类心肌病的发展,但最常见的包括持续性房性快速心律失常(即快速心房颤动[AF])和频繁室性早搏综合征[26]。心律失常诱导心肌病的诊断需要确诊DCM的患者存在持续性/重复性心律失常[26]。在一项针对频繁特发性室性早搏导管消融患者的观察性研究中,24小时心电图监测中的室性早搏计数>总心搏数的10%与心肌病的发展有关,但>总心搏数的24%的室性早搏负荷被证明能最好地区分患有和不患有心肌病的患者(敏感性79%,特异性78%,曲线下面积0.89)[27]。然而,可能很难将真正的心律失常诱导的心律失常与DCM的其他遗传(LMNA、PLN、RBM20突变等)或非遗传原因区分开来,在这些原因中,心律失常是临床表现的一部分。由于心律失常诱导型心肌病的标志是除HF治疗外,心律失常消退后左心室功能显著/完全恢复,因此缺乏显著改善应表明DCM的其他病因[28]。心律失常诱导型心肌病的治疗应旨在通过药物治疗或导管消融以及GDMT治疗HF改善或抑制病因心律失常。在AF患者中,在改善左心室收缩功能和生活质量方面,心律控制可能较心率控制更有利[29]。此外,鉴于与抗心律失常药物相比,维持窦性心律的成功率更高,最近临床试验数据有利于导管消融术控制心律[30-31]。尽管没有特别关注DCM患者,但一项针对LVEF<35%和AF有症状患者的小型随机研究表明,与药物治疗相比[31],表明这可能是所选患者的优选治疗方案。在由心室切除术诱导的心肌病患者中,导管消融术也被证明对左心室反向重塑(LVRR)和功能状态的改善有益[32]。心律失常诱导的心肌病患者需长期随访和持续药物治疗,因为心律失常复发有HF复发风险[33-34]。

04酒精、毒素、感染和营养缺乏酒精诱导的心肌病

DCM是由长期过量饮酒引起。没有预先定义的导致DCM发展的酒精滥用的临界量。最近对19个高收入国家的个人参与者水平数据的分析表明,每周饮酒每100克,患HF的风险就越高,但没有明确风险阈值[35]。除对心肌的直接毒性影响外,个人(遗传)倾向、年龄、性别,营养缺乏和暴露于其他危险因素似乎起重要作用[36]。酒精诱导的心肌病的主要治疗方法是完全戒酒,此外还有HF的药物治疗和硫胺素缺乏的替代(如果存在)。这可导致LVRR和功能改善,或者至少减缓心肌功能障碍的进展[37]。否则,持续酗酒患者的5年死亡率可能达到40%~50%[38]。接触非法药物(如可卡因和甲基苯丙胺)可通过直接毒性作用导致心肌功能障碍,通过促进冠状动脉血管痉挛和通过减少儿茶酚胺的再摄取增加交感神经刺激[39]。由于完全禁毒通常可改善临床效果,因此识别违规药物对治疗至关重要[40]。除了药物禁用之外,人们对HF的其他治疗选择知之甚少。由于β-阻断剂会使患者暴露于无对抗的α-肾上腺素能作用,人们对其在可卡因/甲基苯丙胺使用者中的使用存在担忧,然而,卡维地洛(一种α-和β阻断剂)可被视为安全的,特别是在实现禁毒的情况下[39]。

在人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染的患者中,抗逆转录病毒疗法的出现显著降低HIV相关心肌病的发病率,这种疾病以前发生在约40%的晚期患者中[41]。然而,新数据表明,接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的患者中约8.3%出现收缩功能障碍[42],DCM或显性HF的存在预示更高的死亡率,包括SCD[43]。HIV相关心肌病的发病机制复杂,包括直接心肌感染、自身免疫、机会性感染、暴露于其他毒素(酒精、非法药物)、营养缺乏以及抗逆转录病毒药物的毒性[44]。由于冠状动脉疾病与抗逆转录病毒疗法的已知关联,因此也需要对其进行评估[41,45]。目前,HIV相关心肌病的治疗是由共识驱动,依赖于非HIV患者的观察数据和临床试验推断[41],鉴于缺乏支持性数据,这种方法的安全性和有效性仍有待确定。尽管人们担心心脏移植后的免疫抑制可能加重艾滋病毒感染,但越来越多的数据表明,移植后的艾滋病毒状况没有恶化[46],这表明心脏移植可能是选定的晚期HF患者[47]。一种选择HIV相关心肌病患者的左心室辅助装置的研究[48],值得更大规模的研究证实。

恰加斯(Chagas)病是中美洲和南美洲DCM的一个重要原因,也是非地方性国家因移民而出现的一个新健康问题[49]。恰加斯病心肌病是该疾病最严重的表现,约20%~40%的患者发病,通常在初次感染数年后[50]。其病理生理学为多因素,包括寄生虫的持久性、免疫机制和微血管功能障碍之间的相互作用,导致心肌炎症、坏死和纤维化[54]。临床表现包括HF、传导异常(例如右束支传导阻滞、房室传导阻滞)、心房和室性心律失常、节段性左心室壁运动异常、左心室动脉瘤形成(通常有心尖定位)、血栓栓塞并发症和SCD[52]。抗寄生虫治疗(苯硝唑和硝呋替莫)风险增加可在急性期治愈(约60%~90%的患者),然而,在患有DCM的患者中,苯硝唑的一项临床试验未能证明在5年的随访中心血管结局的显著改善[53]。目前专家建议提供HF治疗、抗凝治疗(房颤、左心室血栓或近期血栓的左心室动脉瘤患者),以及根据当前指南植入起搏器或心律转复除颤器(ICD)[52]。晚期HF患者可选择心脏移植;然而,可能需要监测移植后恰加斯病的反应,并及时进行抗寄生虫治疗,以防止不良结果[54]。一项正在进行的临床试验正在评估ICD与胺碘酮在预防恰加斯病心肌病和非持续性室性心动过速患者全因死亡率方面的疗效(CHAGAICS试验)。还有一个重点是探索免疫调节在恰加斯病心肌病中的治疗可能性[55]。

据报道,莱姆(Lyme)病中的持续性心肌炎是DCM[56]。除标准HF治疗外,抗生素治疗还成功地改善了左心室功能[57]。硫胺素、烟酸、维生素D、硒、铜、牛磺酸和肉碱等慢性微量营养素缺乏,和辅酶Q10,由不良饮食摄入、药物相互作用和几种遗传性或获得性疾病引起,与心肌能量产生、钙处理和抗氧化防御机制的改变有关,这可能在心肌病的发展中起促进作用(通常是DCM或肥厚型心肌病[HCM])[58-62]。在确诊缺陷的情况下,营养补充可以使用,但还需进一步的研究更好地了解其治疗价值。

小结

本文讨论了继发于其他原因导致的DCM的几个新的和新兴的治疗概念,为改善心肌病特定病因的疗效和提高生活质量提供可能。然而,未来研究仍有很大的空间。在许多后天性心脏病中,开发基于病因的治疗方法、探索永久机制的调节(如免疫调节)以及对常用标准治疗的疗效和安全性进行专门研究的需求尚未得到满足。在DCM中,目前正在研究几种选择作为其他治疗靶点,如达尼卡替夫,一种新型心肌肌球蛋白激活剂或几种抗纤维化药物(如抗纤维化微小RNA;HF-REVERT)。

专家简介

郑刚 教授

现任泰达国际心血管病医院特聘专家,济兴医院副院长

中国高血压联盟理事,中国心力衰竭学会委员,中国老年医学会高血压分会天津工作组副组长,中国医疗保健国际交流促进会高血压分会委员

天津医学会心血管病专业委员会委员,天津医学会老年病专业委员会常委,天津市医师协会高血压专业委员会常委,天津市医师协会老年病专业委员会委员,天津市医师协会心力衰竭专业委员,天津市医师协会心血管内科医师分会双心专业委员会委员,天津市心脏学会理事,天津市心律学会第一届委员会委员,天津市房颤中心联盟常委,天津市医药学专家协会第一届心血管专业委员会委员,天津市药理学会临床心血管药理专业委员会常委,天津市中西医结合学会心血管疾病专业委员会常委

《中华临床医师杂志(电子版)》特邀审稿专家,《中华诊断学电子杂志》《心血管外科杂志(电子版)》审稿专家,《华夏医学》副主编,《中国心血管杂志》常务编委,《中国心血管病研究》杂志第四届编委,《中华老年心脑血管病杂志》《世界临床药物》《医学综述》《中国医药导报》《中国现代医生》编委

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