作战篇 Waging War
孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮，则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。其用战也，胜久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者，不能善其后矣。
故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。
善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。
国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫。近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。力屈中原，内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破车罢马，甲胄矢弩，戟楯矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。
故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；慧秆一石，当吾二十石。
故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。故车战，得车十乘已上，赏其先得者。而更其旌旗，车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。
故兵贵胜，不贵久。
故知兵之将，生民之司命，国家安危之主也。
【译文】
孙子说：用兵作战的一般规律是，如果动用战车千辆，辎重车千辆，甲卒十万，加上越境千里去运送军粮，那么前方后方的费用，款待使节食客的用度，作战器材的费用，车辆兵甲的维修开支，每天要耗资千金，然后十万大军才能够出兵作战。
这样出兵作战，旷日持久，军队就会疲惫，锐气受挫，无力攻占城池，而军队长期在外作战，也会导致国家财政发生困难。如果军队疲惫，锐气受挫，军力耗尽，国内物资枯竭，那么诸侯就会乘此危机前来侵犯，那时即使有足智多谋的人，也不能挽回危局了。
因此，在实际作战中只听说过用兵虽拙而求速胜的，没见过只讲用兵工巧而追求旷日持久的。战事久拖不决而对国家有利的情况，从来不曾有过。所以不完全了解用兵危害的人，也不可能完全了解用兵的益处。
善于用兵作战的人，兵员不再三征集，粮草不多次运送；武器装备从国内取用，粮草到敌方去补充，这样，军队的粮草供应就可以充足了。
国家因用兵而贫困，是由于出师远征，远途运输，就使得百姓贫困。军队驻地附近物价必然飞涨，物价昂贵就会使国家财力枯竭，国家因此就急于加重赋役。在战场上军力耗尽，国内百姓便家室空虚。百姓的财产将会耗掉十分之七；政府的财力，也会由于车辆的损坏，战马的疲毙，铠甲、箭弩、戟盾、矛橹的消耗补充以及征用拉辎重的牛车，而损失掉十分之六。
所以明智的将领，务求从敌国取得粮草供应，消耗敌方一钟粮食，相当于从本国运来二十钟；动用敌方的一石草料，相当于从本国运来二十石。
所以，要使将士英勇杀敌，就应激励士气；要使部队夺取敌方的军需物资，就必须实行奖赏。所以在车战中，凡是缴获战车十辆以上的，就要奖赏最先夺得战车的人。并且夺得的战车要立即换上我军的旗帜，将其混合编入自己的战车队列。对于战俘，要优待和供养他们，这就是所谓战胜敌人而使自己日益强大的原因。
因此，用兵作战，贵在速战速决，而不宜旷日持久。
所以懂得如何用兵的将帅，是民众命运的掌握者，国家安危的主宰者。
【英文】
Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost of raising an army of 100000 men.
When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.
Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.
Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's substance to be drained away. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store.
Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.
In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
（齐鲁晚报·齐鲁壹点记者 王娟 王晓莹 实习生 徐玉婷 张雅瑄 绘画 徐进）
