Robyns distinguishes four basic attitudes, depending on whether the ‘otherness' of the foreign (and hence the identity of the self) is or is not viewed as irreducible, and on whether or not the receptor culture adapts the intrusive elements to its own norms.

①When one culture sees another as compatible and translation is not a cause for concern or alarm, he speaks of that culture adopting a ‘transdiscursive’ stance.

②When a culture reckons it lacks something which is available elsewhere and can be imported, we have a ‘defective’stance.

③When a culture wards off imports and tries to contain their impact because it feels they may threaten its identity, the attitude is ‘defensive'.

④And when a culture only allows imports if they are thoroughly naturalized because it takes the value of its own models for granted, Robyns terms this, not very logically, an ‘imperialist’stance.

罗宾斯区分了四种基本态度，取决于“他者”的“他者性”（因此自我的同一性）是否被视为不可还原，以及接受者文化是否适应侵入性元素。

①当一种文化认为另一种文化是兼容的，翻译不令人担忧或警惕时，他谈到这种文化采取了一种“跨话语”的立场。

②当一种文化认为它缺少某种东西，而其他地方有并且可以进口时，我们就有了“缺陷”的立场。

③当一种文化排斥进口，并试图遏制其影响，因为它觉得它们可能威胁到自己的身份时，这种态度是“防御性”。

④当一种文化只允许进口产品达到完全本土化，因为它认为自己的模式是理所当然的，罗宾斯称这种做法不太符合逻辑，是一种“帝国主义”立场。

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