非谓语动词,是动词的特殊形式,所以要在动词的范畴中讨论。我们知道,英语中的谓语是由动词来充当的,而动词除了可以作谓语之外,其实还常以非谓语的形式充当其他的句子成分。
按照动词是否充当谓语,我们可以把动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两类。
一. 非谓语动词的含义 非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式,其次是这种动词形式不能做谓语,综合这两点,我们将其叫做非谓语动词。 二. 非谓语动词的形式 非谓语动词包含四种形式,即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。其中,每种形式按照发生时间和主被动又包括不同的子形式。具体如下:1. 不定式①基本形式:to do(表示主动,并且一般表示将来)
②被动式:to be done(表示被动,并且一般表示将来)
③进行式:to be doing (表示主动和进行)
④完成时:to have done(表示主动和完成)
⑤完成被动式:to have been done(表示被动和完成)
⑥完成进行式:to have been doing (表示主动和完成进行)例如:
The teacher told us to do morning exercises .
老师让我们做早操。The car to be bought is for his sister.
要买的这辆车是给他的姐姐的。She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into theroom.
老师进来时,她假装正在读书。The thief is said to have escaped.
据说小偷已经逃跑了。The thief is said to have been arrested.
据说小偷已经被抓住了。She is said to have been working in the factory over the last 20 years.据说在过去的20年里,她一直在这家工厂工作。2. 动名词①基本形式:doing (表示主动)②被动式:being done(表示被动)③完成式:having done(表示主动和完成)④完成被动式:having been done(表示被动和完成) 例如:
Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.
在未来,普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的事情。Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.
Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们的粉丝跟着。I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.
我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.
很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两过。3. 现在分词①基本形式:doing (表示主动和进行)
②被动式:being done(表示被动和进行)
③完成式:having done(表示主动和完成)
④完成被动式:having been done(表示被动和完成) He sat there,reading a newspaper.
他坐在那里,读着一张报纸。The area being studied may be rich in coal.
这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。Having finished my homework,I began to watch TV.
完成作业后,我开始看电视。
Having been told many times,she still can't remember it.
已经被告诉了很多次,她仍然记不住。4. 过去分词:done及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成;不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。
polluted river 被污染的河流fallen leaves 落叶注意:非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行、将来和完成时是相对于谓语动作来说的:和谓语动作同时发生表示进行;发生在谓语动作之后表示将来;发生在谓语动作之前表示完成。
三. 非谓语动词的使用条件
当一个句子中已经有一套主谓结构,又没有其他连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现,则此时需使用非谓语动词。
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外,其它所有成分都可以做。具体如下。
1. 不定式:做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。To learn a foreign language is difficult .(作主语)学会一门外语是很难的。It’s easy to see their aunt.(作真正主语,it做形式主语)
很容易见到他们的姑姑。Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.(作宾语)
汤姆想要喝杯啤酒。His wish is to be a driver.(作表语)
他的愿望是当一名司机。I have nothing to say.(作定语)
我没有什么可说的。The teacher told us to do morning exercises . (作宾语补足语)老师让我们做早操。They went to see their aunt. (目的状语)
他们去见他们的姑姑。 公众号:
j2. 动名词:做主语、宾语、表语、定语和补语。Learning English is very difficult .(作主语)
学英语非常困难。I enjoy dancing.(作动词宾语)
我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country.(作介词宾语)
我已经习惯了住农村。His job is driving a bus.(作表语)
他的工作是开车。 3. 现在分词:做表语、定语、状语和补语。The story is interesting.(作表语)
这个故事有趣。He sat there,reading a newspaper.(作状语)
他坐在那里,读着一张报纸。The area being studied may be rich in coal.(作定语)
这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.(作宾补)
他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。4. 过去分词:做表语、定语、状语和补语。He is interested in the news.(作表语)
他对这则消息很感兴趣。polluted river(做定语)
被污染的河流Given more time,I can do my work better.(做状语)
如果再被多给些时间,我会把工作做得更好。公众号:
I found my watch stolen.(做宾补)我发现我的手表被偷了。
四. 非谓语动词重、疑、难点。
1. 须用省去to 的不定式(do)作宾补的11个动词。五看(see、watch、notice、observe、look at)两听(hear、listen to)三使(make、let、have)一感觉(feel)根据谐音记忆法,我们可以记做“吾看两厅三室一感觉”。例如:
I saw a big bird fly over the roof of the house yesterday.昨天,我看到一只大鸟飞过了屋顶。注意:以上11个动词,也可以接现在分词和过去分词作宾补,但在时间和语态上会有变化,我们以see为例来区分一下。see sb. do sth. 看到某人做了某事see sb. doing sth. 看到某人正在做某事see sb./sth. done 看到某人/某物被......I see him make the phone call.
我看到他打了电话。(他打电话的整个动作我都看见了)I see him making a phone call.
我看到他正在打电话。(强调看到他正在打电话,并没有看见全过程.)We often see him surrounded by much work.
我们常常看见他琐事缠身。2.只接不定式(不能接动名词)作宾语的25个常用动词want、would like、wish、help、hope、learn、manage、offer、plan、afford、agree、arrange、ask、beg、care、choose、decide、demand、determine、expect、fear、spanpare、spantend、promise、refuse3. 只接动名词(不能接不定式)作宾语的28个常用动词practice、consider、enjoy、finish、give up、imagine、keep、put off、risk、suggest、admit、advise、allow、apspanciate、avoid、delay、deny、discuss、dislike、escape、excuse、fancy、forbid、mention、 mind、miss、permit、prohibit 4. 既可接不定式也可接动名词,但含义完全不同的8个动词公众号:waynesunbjremember to do sth. 记住要做某事(未做) remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做) forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事(未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做)regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事(未做) regret doing sth. 后悔/抱歉做过某事(已做)try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事 mean to do sth. 计划做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事 go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停下正在做的事情公众号:waynesunbj5. 所有非谓语动词的完成形式都不能做定语,如to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done 和 having been done。
五. 非谓语动词的解题步骤
在非谓语知识体系中,我们经常听到“逻辑主语”这个词。那么,什么是逻辑主语?
逻辑主语简而言之,就是与非谓语动词之间存在逻辑关系(主谓或动宾),是非谓语动作的发出者或承受者。
例如:Ordered over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
这句话中,逻辑主语是the books,由于order与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系(“书”是“被订购”的),且动作已完成,所以用过去分词ordered。
从位置上看,逻辑主语一般是句子的主语或者非谓语动词前的名词或代词。
1. 判断非谓语动作的逻辑主语,以此来确定它表示主动含义还是被动含义。①非谓动词做定语时,其逻辑主语是它所修饰的名词或代词。②非谓语动作做状语时,其逻辑主语是句子主语。③非谓语动作做宾补时,其逻辑主语是它前面的宾语。2. 判断非谓语动作与谓语动作的先后关系。和谓语动作同时发生表示进行,应用以上提到的进行式(to be doing和doing);发生在谓语动作之后表示将来,应用(to do和to be done);发生在谓语动作之前表示完成,应用(to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done、having been done和done)。例如下面几题:(1)_____ all my money on the car, I can’t afford a holiday with my friend this summer.
A. Spending B. Spend
C. To spend D. Having spent【答案与解析】D “已经花了所有的钱买车”做时间状语,所以其逻辑主语应是句子主语“我”。“我”与“花钱”之间应该是主动关系,并且“花钱”发生在谓语动作“can’t afford a holiday”之前,所以非谓语动词应用主动和完成的含义,故选“D”。(2)An exercise method _____ to improve strength and balance is becoming popular in the United States.A. designing B. designed C. to be designed D. being designed 【答案与解析】B “设计”在这里是定语,修饰其前的“an exercise method”,所以其逻辑主语应该是它的被修饰词“an exercise method”,所以表被动。因为“设计”这个动词在这里本身已经完成,所以应用表示被动完成含义的designed。(3)Open your heart, and you’ll make yourself better ______.A. known B. knowing C. to know D. know【答案与解析】A ”知道,了解“在这里做宾补,所以其逻辑主语是其前的宾语”yourself“,”yourself“和”知道,了解“在这里是被动关系,所以选择过去分词”known“。
非谓语动词的解题要领:
解答非谓语试题时,要注意三个方面。
一是固定结构问题,
比如,有的动词后面只能跟to do作宾语,而有的动词后只能跟doing作宾语;
二是分析非谓语与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系;
三是分析该非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的动作先后顺序,
即:该非谓语动词动作发生的时间相较于句子的谓语动作,是之前还是之后发生,还是(几乎)同时发生。
例如:I think the question being discussed now is of great importance.
这句话中,逻辑主语是the question,由于discuss与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系(“问题”是“正在被讨论”的),且表示动作正在进行,故用being done的形式。
关于非谓语动词的几个要点说明
1.to do通常表示动作将来发生,有时也可以表示与谓语动作几乎同时发生。
e.g. He seems to know this.
I'm glad to see you.
2.不定式作后置定语(此时,不定式前的名词是逻辑主语)或补语时,若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者,则用主动形式表被动含义;若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者,则用被动形式表被动含义。
I will have my refrigerator to be repaired later. (冰箱将会被别人修理,而不是我修)
Kevin has much homework to do. (Kevin要做作业,而不是别人做)
另:双宾语动词结构中,若间接宾语(通常为人)是不定式的执行者,则,修饰直接宾语,不定式用主动表被动。
如:
Please give me a knife ______________ (cut) with.
3.若不定式与所修饰的名词成动宾关系,且不定式的实意动词在句中作为不及物动词使用,则需补充相应介词。如:
I need a pen to write with. (I will write with the pen 我需要一支钢笔写字)
I have a little baby to look after.(I must look after the little baby 我有一个婴儿要照看)
4.在作表语/补语的形容词后面,用来说明人或事物的特点、特性时,用不定式的主动形式表被动意思。
The room is comfortable to live in.
We found the survey easy to conduct.
He is easy to please.
5.不定式作结果状语与现在分词做结果状语的区别:
不定式作结果状语通常表示“出乎意料”的结果,而现在分词作结果状语,往往表示“自然而然”的结果。
【exercise】
European football is played in 80 countries,_______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
6.不定式符号to与介词to的辨别:
介词to后通常接名词,而不定式符号to后需接动词原形。如:
If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. (此处第一个to为介词,第二个to为不定式符号)
7.“疑问句+动词不定式”相当于名词短语,在句中可作主语、宾语或表语等,常可转换成一个由该疑问词引导的从句(与why连用时,通常只用于“why do sth.”或“why not do sth.”的结构,如:Why spend such a lot of money)。
He told us what to do.(=He told us what we should do.)
8.不定式的省略
i.两个或两个以上的动词不定式由连词and , 从第二个不定式起,往往省略不定式符号to。
She 'd like to take off her coat and have a break.
The students are taught to read, write and do many other things.
ii.若前后文使用的不定式一样,则后文中不定式可以省略实意动词。
【exercise】
The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him________.(重庆卷改编)
A.not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not
9.若名词前有序数词修饰,通常用不定式作该名词的后置定语。如:
He is the first person to think of the idea.
10.如果一个句子中,没有明显的逻辑主语,但可以在恰当的位置补上for sb.,句意
完整,逻辑通顺,则此时逻辑主语就是sb.如:
There is no greater pleasure (for me) than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland,staring at the night sky.
(“我”盯着夜空看,主动,伴随状语用staring)
11.主动语态变为被动语态时,宾语要变成主语;另外,对于主动语态中(作补语的,省略了to)的不定式,需将to还原。比如:
“see, watch, notice, observe, look at, make, have, let, listen to, hear, feel” 等这些动词,后
接不带to的不定式,改写成被动语态时,需将to还原。
The boss made the boys work for 12 hours a day.
The boys were asked to work for 12 hours a day (by the boss).
12. it常作形式主语,而把真正的主语,如不定式,动名词等放在句末。如:
It is necessary for the young to master a foreign language.
It is very kind of you to help me carry the furniture.
It is no using/ useless/ no worth/no good/ a waste of time (money) just waiting here for such a long time.
13.独立主格结构
独立主格结构是指,由一个名词或者代词充当逻辑主语,后面跟着非谓语(或形容词,副词,名词或介词短语),表示该逻辑主语的动作、状态或情况等,在句中作伴随,时间,条件,原因等状语。由于该名词或代词与句子的主语不一致,故被称之为“独立主格结构”。多数独立主格结构还可以用with复合结构来表示。
Time permitting, we will visit the Palace Museum.
The teachers came in, with many students following them.
With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.
With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe.
There being no buses, we had to walk home.
14.有些非谓语可以作独立成分,对谓语的动作或状态加以说明,其形式不受上下文的
影响,也不需要考虑其逻辑主语同句子主语是否一致的问题。如:
generally speaking 总而言之
judging from/by 从……判断
considering sth/seeing sth./taking sth.into consideration 考虑到,就……而言
to tell you the truth 老实说
so to speak 可以这么说
e.g. Considering the quality,it is worth the price.
就质量而言,这个价钱是值得的。
The limits of a person’s intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at birth,but whether he
reaches these limits will depend on his environment.
总而言之,一个人的智力水平,在他出生时就已经固定了,至于说他能否达到这个水平,还有赖于他所处的环境。
【exercise】
___________ (Judge) from his dress, he is probably a Tibetan.
15.有时动名词前可以有物主代词,人称代词宾格或名词所有格作逻辑主语。“物主代词/人称代词宾格/名词所有格+动名词”被称之为动名词的复合结构,在句中作主语或宾语,且句子开头只能使用物主代词和名词所有格。如:
He was awakened by someone's knocking at the door.
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.
I don’t mind him delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.
His coming made us very happy.
【exercise】
( ) I would appreciate ____ it a secret.
A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep
16.有的动词后面既可用doing形式作宾语,也可用to do作宾语,但意义上有所不同。如:
①go on to do 做完一件事后,接下去做另外一件事
go on doing 继续做同一件事
【exercise】
1.Having finished the exercises, we (learn)the new words in the next unit.
2.Though it was raining heavily, they (work).
②mean to do 想要做某事
mean doing 意味着(某结果)
e.g. I didn't mean to hurt you. Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
③regret to do 对即将要做的事表示遗憾
regret doing 对所做的事感到后悔
e.g. I regret to say I must leave tomorrow.
I regret not having told her earlier.
④remember to do 记得要去做(将来的事,表示“不要忘记”)
remember doing 记得/记起做过某事(说的是以前的事)
e.g.Remember to lock the door when you leave. I remember posting that letter.
⑤forget to do 忘记要去做某事
forget doing 忘记曾做过某事(做过,但忘记了)e.g.She nearly forgot to give the porter a tip for his service. I'll never forget meeting my school headmaster for the first time.
⑥stop to do 停止原来做的事,开始做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在做的事
e.g.While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.When the teacher came into theroom, the pupils stopped talking.
⑦try to do 设法做(成)某事
try doing 尝试做某事e.g. I must try to get everything ready before he arrives.
Would you please try doing that again?
【Exercise】
1.The light in the office is still on. She forgot ___________(turn )it off.
2.Do you remember ____________(meet) me at a party last year?
3.I mean ____________( go ), and nothing can stop me.
4.If it means ___________( delay ) more than a week, I’ll not wait.