同为违约,“breach”和“default”有什么区别?

旗渡多语法律信息中心 2024-09-11 09:45:35

Breach和Default是英文法律文件中十分常见的两个意思非常接近的词汇,都有违约、违法的意思。

但在英美法中,两者并不能交替使用。

Breach在元照英美法词典中的释义如下:

破坏;违反;违犯;不履行;侵害

在不同的上下文中有不同的含义,可以指违反法律、侵害他人权利、不履行自己的义务或职责等;其行为方式可以是作为,也可以是不作为。现多用于指合同一方当事人未能履行合同条款、允诺或条件,即违约〔breach of contract〕。

作违约讲时,breach多用于合同法领域,表示一方违反合同约定义务的行为,常见的相关术语比如:material breach(根本违约),partial breach(部分违约),breaching party(违约方),non-breaching party(非违约方)。

如:

Each party to the Secondary Trademark License Agreement may terminate the Secondary Trademark License Agreement by written notice in case of material breach by the other party to the Secondary Trademark License Agreement, of certain terms as set out in the Secondary Trademark License Agreement and provided that the aforesaid breaches, which are capable of being cured, have not been cured within the period set out in the Secondary Trademark License Agreement.

第二级商标许可协议各方可在第二级商标许可协议其他订约方重大违反第二级商标许可协议所载的若干条款的情况下,以书面通知终止第二级商标许可协议,惟须以上述可予纠正的违约行为并无在第二级商标许可协议所规定的期限内纠正为前提。

相比之下,Default使用的范围要广泛得多,既可以表示合同领域的“违约”,也广泛使用于其它法律领域,其中债法和民事诉讼法最为常见。在债法和银行法领域,Default表示拒绝履行到期债务,常见的术语比如default interest(逾期利息);在诉讼法领域,Default指被告拒不出庭,或者拒绝答辩(the nonappearance of a defendant in court or to his failure to respond to a complaint),相关的法律术语比如Default Judgement,或者judgment by default(缺席判决)。与此有关的术语还包括,infringement(侵权,主要用于知识产权侵权领域),violation(违法,违反法律的概称),infraction(违法,指轻微的违法行为比如交通违规)等。

如:

The Company may by ordinary resolution, before the issue of any new shares, determine that the same, or any of them, shall be offered in the first instance, and either at par or at a premium, to all the existing holders of any of shares in proportion as nearly as may be to the number of shares of such held by them respectively, or make any provisions as to the issue and allotment of such shares, but in default of any such determination or so far as the same shall not extend, such shares may be dealt with as if they formed part of the capital of the Company existing prior to the issue of the same.

本公司可以普通决议案在发行任何新股份之前厘定于第一批中须提呈发售该等股份或任何该等股份(无论按面值或溢价)予任何类别股份的所有现有持股人,发售比例按接近该等持股人分别持有有关类别股份的数目,或作出任何拨备以发行及配发有关股份,惟在违反任何有关决定或有关决定不得延续的情况下,有关股份可予处理,犹如有关股份于发行有关股份之前构成本公司现有股本的部分。

转载自:译问  作者:旗渡法务中心

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